Urinary Stones

Nephrolithiasis is a worldwide problem, sparing no geographical, cultural, or racial groups [1-3]. The prevalence of urinary stones has progressively increased in industrialized nations, and a similar trend is being observed in developing countries due to changing social and economic conditions [1-4]. In the USA, approximately 1.2 million people are affected annually, and it is estimated that up to 14 % of men and 6 % of women will develop stone disease during their lifetime [1, 5]. In addition, many patients will be affected by multiple stones throughout their lifetime, with estimated recurrence rates of 50 % within 5-10 years and 75 % within 20 years [1, 6-8]. The rising prevalence of urinary stone disease has had a significant impact on the healthcare system due to the direct costs involved and the morbidity associated with complications such as infection and chronic renal failure [6-8].