Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: From a Minor God to the Olympus

Over the last decade, we have witnessed a paradigm shift in cancer treatment, with the advent of novel therapeutic approaches that target or manipulate the immune system, also known as immunotherapy. Blocking immune checkpoints has emerged as an effective strategy with unprecedented results in several solid tumors, including lung cancer. Since 2012 when PD(L)-1 inhibitors showed first clinical signals of activity in lung cancer, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has emerged as a novel effective therapeutic strategy in different settings, determining a dramatic change in the therapeutic landscape of both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and, more recently, small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Although the benefit from this novel therapeutic approach is undeniable, several open questions still remain unanswered. Herein, we summarize the major breakthroughs in the immunotherapy journey in lung cancer and how it is changing our clinical practice.