Sensory phenomena in tic disorders: neurobiological aspects and treatment implications

Tic disorders are neurodevelopmental conditions in which tics represent their core defining feature. Individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) experience a variety of different sensory phenomena (SP), including premonitory urges prior to tics, “just right” perceptions, or somatic hypersensitivity due to impaired sensorimotor gating. Several rating scales have been designed to measure SP experienced by patients also affected by tic disorders. The exact pathophysiology and brain mechanisms underlying tic expression and tic suppression are not fully understood. Several studies have highlighted the role of behavioural interventions for tics, showing a potential link between altered sensory gating and symptomatology of TS patients. It was demonstrated that the exposure to premonitory sensory experiences during prolonged tic suppression may be also beneficial in treatment of tics. A comprehensive understanding on TS and SP pathophysiology will afford novel insights into therapeutic management and treatment response in TS patients.