Tramadol in continuous intravenous infusion VS tramadol bolus during abdominal surgery in dog

L-bupivacine and cis-atracurium besilate with peribulbar anaesthesia in feline ophthalmic surgery Interlandi C (1) Nastasi B (1), Musicò M (1), Spadola F. (1), Morici(M. 1), Costa G L (1). (1)Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Italy. The objective of the clinical trial study was to evaluate the effect of L-bupivacaine, local anaesthetic of last generation, in combination with cis-atracurim besilate, administered by peribulbar injection in ophthalmic surgery in cats. [1] [2] The study was approved by the University of Messina Review Board for Animals Care. Experiments were performed following Italian law (D.M. 116192), Europe law (O.J. of E.C. L 358/1 12/18/1986). and USA laws (Animal Welfare Assurance No A5594-01, Department of Health and Human Services, USA). Moreover, the owner of each cat was informed about the study and signed a consent.Forty cats were anesthetized for ophthalmic minor surgery.with butorphanol 0,4mg/kg-1, dexmedetomidine 15mcgkg-1 and midazolam 0,2 mgkg-1 IM and intubated to receive oxygen by mechanical ventilation. Group L received 2 mgkg-1 L-bupivacaine, administered by peribulbar injection. Group CL received the same dose of L-bupivacaine, combined with 0,1mg/kg-1 of cis-atracurium. Heart rate, end-tidalCO2, oxygen saturation, non invasive blood pressure, intraocular pressure, neuromuscular activity and oculomotor activity: pupil horizontal diameter, eyeball exposure, palpebral akinesia eyeball centralization (for these last three parameters, we used a numerical scoring, ranging from zero to four) were measured. Also, the onset times (eyball centralization, palpebral akinesia) and duration of the eye muscle motor block were measured.Results were analyzed using Friedman’s test, 2 way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni and t-test. Significance was set at P < 0.05.Physiological variables remained in the physiological range in both groups. Addition of cis-atracurium shortened the onset time of peribulbar anaesthesia (L/LC 4/8 minute-1) P < 0.05, and achieved a longer duration of complete motor block of the eye muscle (L/LC 60/ 70 minute-1) P < 0.05. Subjective scores were 3 (3-3) in Group L and 4(4-4) in Group LC, P < 0.05. Horizontal pupil diameter was:( L/LC 5±1/8±1mm) P < 0.05. Intraocular pressure was (L/LC 14±3/12±1mmHg) P < 0.01.. General neuromuscular activity is 95%-100% in both groups No cat in Group LC required supplementary local anesthetic block, while two cats in Group L received an additional peribulbar anesthetic injection 0,5 mgkg-1 (the toxic dose of L bupivaciane in cats is 8mgkg -1)A combination of cis-atracurium and L-bupivicaine used for peribulbar anesthesia provides effective akinesia of the eye, and shortens the onset of anaesthesia while prolonging the duration of local motor block, thus providing excellent conditions for ophthalmic surgery. [2] [3] [1]Costa G, Musicò M, Spadola F et al. (2005) Comparison of intravenous and peribulbar cis-atracurium administration in dogs undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Preliminary results. In Proceedings AVA Spring Meeting April 20 to23, Rimini, Italy pp 87.[2]Küçükyavuz Z, Arici M K. (2002)Effects of atracurium added to local anesthetics on akinesia in peribulbar block. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 27,487-90.Leone S, Di Cianni S, Casati A., et al. (2008) Pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical use of new long acting local anesth etics, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Acta Biomed 79, 92-105.[3]Davis DB, Mandel MR. (1986). Posterior peribulbar anaesthesia: An alternative to retrobulbar anaesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surgery12,182-184.