Understanding benzisothiazolinone's impact on aquatic organisms: insights into physiological and cellular responses

The widespread use of Benzisothiazolinone (BIT) as a biocide in construction materials and cleaning agents contrasts sharply with the limited understanding of its effects on aquatic ecosystems. This study delves into the physiological and cellular responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis cells when exposed to BIT. Experimentation involved exposing cells from both haemolymph and digestive glands to two distinct BIT concentrations (0.03 μg/mL and 0.3 μg/mL) for different times (1 hour, 3 hours, and 24 hours). Assessment of cell viability employed Trypan blue exclusion and Neutral Red retention assays, alongside scrutiny of phagocytosis ability. The investigation extended to evaluating gene expression pertinent to oxidative stress via qPCR. The research outcomes revealed a spectrum of physiological, cellular, and gene expression alterations consequent to BIT exposure. Notably, BIT exposure affected lysosomal membrane stability, phagocytosis activity, and impaired the antioxidant cellular system in aquatic organisms. This comprehensive analysis underscores the implications of BIT exposure on M. galloprovincialis and advocates for the exploration and development of environmentally sustainable alternatives to mitigate potential harm.