Oxidative stress biomarkers and paraoxonase 1 polymorphism frequency in farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides

Previous evidence has demonstrated that chemical classes of pesticides, including organophosphates (OP), can induce oxidative stress in exposed workers. The resulting increase in free radicals causes damage to biological macromolecules, and promotes the formation of novel compounds, including advanced glycation end products (AGE) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). The present study aimed to evaluate the common genetic polymorphisms of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene in a group of 55 farmers exposed to pesticides, as well as the association between these polymorphisms and serum levels of AGE and AOPP. The 192Q wild‑type (WT) allele was present at a significantly higher frequency, compared with the 192R mutated allele (0.74 and 0.26, respectively). The WT allele was predominantly represented by the homozygote 192QQ genotype (51%). The mutated 192QR heterozygotic allele was prevalent, at a frequency of 45.4%, whereas the mutated homozygotes were present at a frequency of 3.6%. A significant decrease in the levels of AGE and AOPP was observed in farmers exhibiting the homozygotic 192RR mutated genotype (14,7221 AU/ml and 0.64 nmol/ml, respectively), compared with the WT genotype (16,1400 AU/ml and 1.76 nmol/ml, respectively), and 192QR genotype (15,2312 AU/ml and 1.60 nmol/ml, respectively). Therefore, due to the high catalytic activity of PON1, the 192RR genotype provides an important genetic predictor of the toxic effects associated with OP pesticide exposure. It determines a minor risk of developing oxidative damage following pesticide exposure, and measuring the levels of AOPP may provide a novel biomarker for oxidative damage in subjects exposed to OP.