A new model with internal variables for theoretical thermodynamic characterization of hemoglobin: Entropy determination and comparative study

Hemolytic blood disorders such as hemoglobinopathies are one of the most widespread diseases in our country. This paper reports non equilibrium thermodynamic analysis of adult normal hemoglobin subjected to variable frequency of electric fields in the range 0.1–100 MHz, comparing with homozygous hemoglobin SS and heterozygous hemoglobin SC. This is done applying some results obtained in non equilibrium thermodynamic field with internal variables. After a brief introduction, the phenomenological and state coefficients are explicitly calculated for the three hemoglobins, in function of the perturbation frequency. These values allow to calculate the proper functions of non equilibrium thermodynamics with internal variables. By comparing the calculated values for each hemoglobin, a new characterization of the protein was possible. Results were synthesized in six tables. People with heterozygous hemoglobin SC result from the inheritance of a beta(S)-globin gene from one parent and a beta(C)-globin gene from the other parent. It is found that there is a significant variation in dielectric parameters, possibly due to the hemoglobin structures and percentage.