D‐penicillamine: The state of the art in humans and in dogs from a pharmacological and regulatory perspective

Chelant agents are the mainstay of treatment in copper‐associated hepatitis in humans, where D‐penicillamine is the chelant agent of first choice. In veterinary medicine, the use of D‐pen-icillamine has increased with the recent recognition of copper‐associated hepatopathies that occur in several breeds of dogs. Although the different regulatory authorities in the world (United States Food and Drugs Administration—U.S. FDA, European Medicines Agency—EMEA, etc.) do not ap-prove D‐penicillamine for use in dogs, it has been used to treat copper‐associated hepatitis in dogs since the 1970s, and is prescribed legally by veterinarians as an extra‐label drug to treat this disease and alleviate suffering. The present study aims to: (a) address the pharmacological features; (b) out-line the clinical scenario underlying the increased interest in D‐penicillamine by overviewing the evolution of its main therapeutic goals in humans and dogs; and finally, (c) provide a discussion on its use and prescription in veterinary medicine from a regulatory perspective.