Has transformation of food systems reached an impasse? Considerations on the role of agri-food research

The transformation of global food systems, driven by growing urgency to address vulnerabilities, appears to be at an impasse. Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ukraine conflict, and the Red Sea crisis have exposed the fragility of globalized food systems, reshaping public priorities. However, debates over the high costs of transformation and resistance from affected groups, such as farmers protesting in 2024, have tempered policymaker enthusiasm, as exemplified by the EU’s withdrawal of the Sustainable Use of Pesticides regulation. Science, a key driver of transformation through data and advocacy, now faces increased scrutiny and polarization. Political divisions have challenged the legitimacy of science, fostering both anti-science sentiment and internal fragmentation within the scientific community. This polarization extends to debates surrounding the EU Green Deal, where scientists largely support its goals but differ on implementation strategies. One camp emphasizes technological innovation to enhance productivity and reduce environmental impact through bio- and digital technologies. Another advocates for systemic redesign, focusing on consumption practices and governance to align food systems with natural resource limits. These disputes are further complicated by controversies over synthetic food, GM crops, and agroecological practices, with accusations of science being co-opted by private interests adding to the discord. In this fraught context, achieving coherent food system transformation requires navigating competing visions and fostering trust in science amidst increasing societal and political polarization.