Circular economy in aquaculture: An Italian survey to understand perceptions, challenges and options for transition

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing sector that significantly contributes to global food security but faces environmental challenges, including resource depletion, pollution, and waste generation. To address these issues, circular economy (CE) principles are promoted to enhance sustainability by reducing resource use, reusing materials, and recycling outputs. However, CE adoption at the farm level remains underexplored, particularly regarding producers’ knowledge and perspectives. This study investigates the understanding and implementation of CE practices among aquaculture producers in Italy, focusing on their preferences, challenges, and perceived opportunities. A structured online survey was distributed to 220 members of the Italian Aquaculture Association (API), achieving a 47 % response rate, encompassing both freshwater and marine systems. The findings reveal that while many farmers are aware of CE principles, their understanding is largely confined to environmental aspects, often neglecting economic and social benefits. Medium-sized farms in Central Italy and freshwater producers show greater adoption of CE practices, whereas smaller farms face regulatory and technological barriers. A lack of tools to measure the impact of circular practices emerged as a key obstacle, limiting effective implementation. The study highlights that waste management is not seen as a significant cost barrier, and opportunities for business diversification through CE practices are under-recognized. Addressing knowledge gaps, providing practical tools, and streamlining regulations are crucial to overcoming barriers. This research offers insights to guide future policies and initiatives aimed at fostering circularity in aquaculture, promoting a more resilient and competitive industry.