Replacing Glass with Basalt in the Vacuum Infusion Process of Vinyl Ester Composite Laminates: Effect on the Mechanical Performance and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

The increasing demand for environmentally friendly materials has driven researchers and industries to explore alternatives that combine performance with reduced environmental impact. In this framework, the possibility of replacing glass-fibre-reinforced composites (GFRCs) with basalt-fibre-reinforced composites (BFRCs) is attracting increasing attention. In this study, basalt–vinyl ester specimens and glass–vinyl ester specimens were mechanically characterized using both the Risitano Thermographic and Static Thermographic Methods. The results indicate that energy methods are effective for the mechanical characterization of complex materials like basalt and glass fibre composites. The average ultimate tensile strength was 374 ± 20.2 MPa for BFRCs and 295 ± 4.7 MPa for GFRCs, showing a 26.7% improvement with basalt. The fatigue limit was 96.5 ± 0.2 MPa for BFRCs and 104.8 ± 0.8 MPa for GFRCs, while the static stress limit estimated via thermography was 99.9 ± 6.45 MPa and 101.7 ± 5.24 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the failure mechanisms of both BFRC and GFRC specimens were investigated. Additionally, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental impact of basalt and glass fibre composites. The results showed that BFRCs have lower environmental impacts, including 0.67 kg CO2-eq with respect to climate change versus 0.81 kg CO2-eq for GFRCs. This work highlights how the two materials are comparable in terms of their mechanical performance but different in terms of their sustainability and environmental impact.