Something as Essential as Life Itself Ghassan Kanafani's Returning to Haifa as a Parable of the Integration of Trauma

Classic trauma theory has been criticized for ignoring the possibility of healing and growth for the traumatized, especially in a non-Western context. This reading of Ghassan Kanafani's Returning to Haifa tries to overcome such limitations by employing a framework that articulates Ibn Khaldun's thought on group feeling with Pierre Janet's theory of trauma. Accordingly, the novel construes the Nakbah as a traumatic event that, despite its subjective meaning having long remained elusive, has never stopped affecting refugees' consciousness. It then proposes that the Arab defeat of 1967 offered an opportunity for collective engagement and historical change to the Nakbah generation because it enabled them to reconcile their traumatic memories with their lives, inspiring their support for the Palestinian resistance. Such a parable of trauma integration counters the essentialist positions that Kanafani attributed to some Zionist literature and points to the reversal of the schemes aimed at humiliating the Palestinians.