The Role of Livestock Antibiotic Use in Microbiota Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation

Antibiotic overuse in livestock is a major concern, as it contributes to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and may adversely affect both animal and human health. One important consequence is its impact on the gut microbiota, a complex microbial ecosystem essential for maintaining host health. A growing body of research highlights the critical role of a balanced gut microbiota in maintaining the integrity of the gut-microbiota–brain axis, a bidirectional communication network between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS). Antibiotics introduced through the food chain and the environment can disrupt microbial balance, leading to dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. In this context, the concept of “One Health” is emphasized, which recognizes the deep interconnection between the health of humans, animals, and the environment to address the global problem of antibiotic resistance. Several animal studies highlight how dysbiosis can induce neuroinflammation and potentially damage the gut–brain barrier. This review explores the mechanisms by which antibiotic use in livestock alters the gut microbiota and compromises the gut-microbiota–brain axis integrity, outlining the implications for public health and the possible link with neurodegenerative conditions.