Macro-, micro- and potential toxic elements in commercial Algerian date syrup: Safety aspects and dietary risk assessment

Date syrup, a traditional Saharan product, is attracting attention as a natural sugar alternative for the North African food sector. Its beneficial dietary and medicinal effects are attributed to its natural antioxidants, sugars, and minerals. However, poor agricultural practices and environmental factors may cause contaminants to be released into date syrup. Therefore, mineral content of seven commercial date syrups from various Algerian areas was analyzed by ICP-MS, including for the first time toxic and potentially toxic elements. Estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) were calculated for children (1–3 years) and adults, based on a daily serving of 10 g/day and 30 g/ day. The plausibility of chronic non-carcinogenic risks was assessed by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ). Mineral profile was dominated by K, followed by Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, and Zn in most samples. Pb concentrations were always below the maximum limit permitted by European Regulation 915/2023 (0.1 mg/kg). EDIs did not exceed the reference limits. However, since the As percentage absorbed by children in some cases covered 38 % of its TDI, it is essential to strenghten monitor programs on this natural sweeting agent and establish evidence-based guidelines for its correct consumption.